Vacuum brazing ろう付け

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焼入れ、焼戻し材料を強くしたい、硬くしたいときに実施します。焼き入れると硬質のマルテンサイト組織に変化します。焼き入れたままでは脆さが残るので、通常、その後に焼き戻しをして、強さと靭性（脆さをなくす）の調整を行います。鋼は焼き入れて硬質のマルテンサイト組織が生成すると膨張し、焼き戻しによって縮みます。焼鈍とは、加工して硬くなったものを熱を加える事により、材料を軟質にする事です。これにより、その材料本来の性質に戻ります。金属は加工(プレス加工、溶接、曲げ加工、切削加工など)することにより金属内に応力が残ります。この残留応力は、寸法の狂い、応力腐食割れの発生、加工性の低下などを引き起こします。これらの防止のためには、熱処理で残留応力を除去したり、緩和することが必要です。

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{"default_contact":"Liên hệ","default_notification":"Thông báo","default_redirect_click":"Nhấn vào đây nếu đợi quá lâu.","default_fullname":"Họ và tên","default_email":"Email","default_address":"Địa chỉ","default_phone":"Điện thoại","default_send":"Gởi đi","default_reset":"Làm lại","default_select_all":"Chọn tất cả","default_captcha":"Mã bảo vệ","default_input_captcha":"Nhập vào mã bảo vệ","default_contact_send_success":"Bạn đã gởi liên hệ thành công","default_contact_send_false":"Bạn đã gởi liên hệ thất bại","default_back_page_home":"Quay về trang chủ","product_sort_name_asc":"Sắp xếp theo tên (A-Z)","product_sort_name_desc":"Sắp xếp theo tên (Z-A)","product_sort_price_asc":"Sắp xếp theo giá (Nhỏ -> Lớn)","product_sort_price_desc":"Sắp xếp theo giá (Lớn -> Nhỏ)","product_sort_price_sale_asc":"Sắp xếp theo khuyến mãi (Không -> Có)","product_sort_price_sale_desc":"Sắp xếp theo khuyến mãi (Có -> không)","key_option_product_discount":"Sản phẩm khuyến mãi","key_option_product_new":"Sản phẩm mới","key_option_product_special":"Sản phẩm đặt biệt","key_option_product_hot":"Sản phẩm Hot","key_option_news_new":"Tin mới","key_option_news_highlight":"Tin nổi bật","key_option_news_special":"Tin đặc biệt","key_option_news_hot":"Tin hot","key_option_classified_news_highlight":"Tin rao nổi bật","default_newsletter_thanks":"Cảm ơn bạn đã đăng ký trên hệ thống của chúng tôi","error_email_exists":"Email đã tồn tại trong hệ thống","error_email_not_exists":"Email không tồn tại trong hệ thống","error_email_invalid":"Địa chỉ email phải đúng cú pháp, ví dụ: info@tenmien.vn!","member_change_info_success":"Thông tin thay đổi thành công.","member_change_info_fail":"Thay đổi thông tin thất bại.","member_change_password_success":"Mật khẩu thay đổi thành công","member_change_password_fail":"Mật khẩu thay đổi thất bại","member_login_success":"Bạn đã đăng nhập thành công","member_register_success":"Đăng ký tài khoản thành công","member_register_fail":"Đăng ký tài khoản thất bại","member_send_password_new_mail_success":"Mật khẩu mới đã gửi về email đăng ký!","member_send_password_new_fail":"Lấy lại mật khẩu thất bại","error_account_not_found":"Không tìm thấy tài khoản trong hệ thống.","error_limit_login":"Bạn đã nhập sai vượt quá số lần quy định. 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Vui lòng đăng xuất để thực hiện tính năng này","page_login":"Đăng nhập","error_fullname_required":"Bạn vui lòng nhập họ tên","error_fullname_max_length":"Họ tên Không vượt quá 55 ký tự","error_address_max_length":"Địa chỉ không vượt quá 150 ký tự","error_email_required":"Bạn vui lòng nhập email","error_content_required":"Bạn vui lòng nhập nội dung","error_content_max_length":"Nội dung gửi không được vượt quá 5000 ký tự","error_phone_required":"Bạn vui lòng nhập số điện thoại","error_phone_syntax":"Số điện thoại phải đủ 8 số hoặc lớn hơn, ví dụ: 19009477, 0967897890, 0286253737, ...","error_phone_exists":"Số điện thoại đã tồn tại trong hệ thống","error_captcha_required":"Bạn vui lòng nhập mã bảo vệ","error_captcha_invalid":"Mã bảo vệ không đúng","error_token_csrf_invalid":"Token không hợp lệ","time_invalid":"Thời gian không hợp lệ","forms_required":"Trường này là bắt buộc","forms_send_success":"Bạn đã gửi thông tin đăng ký thành công","forms_send_false":"Bạn đã gửi thông tin đăng ký thất bại","forms_undefined":"Không xác định được biểu mẫu","authentication_otp":"Xác thực OTP","authentication_otp_note":"Vui lòng kiểm tra điện thoại để lấy mã Xác thực.","error_limit_send_authentication_phone":"Quý khách đã đạt đến giới hạn xác thực số điện thoại.","error_time_resend_authentication_phone":"Chưa đến thời gian gửi lại.","send_code_otp_success":"Gửi mã OTP thành công","send_code_otp_error":"Gửi mã OTP thất bại","authentication_phone":"Xác thực số điện thoại","authentication_enter_code":"Nhập mã xác thực","authentication":"Xác thực","authentication_phone_re_send":"Gửi lại","authentication_phone_success":"Xác thực điện thoại thành công","verify_success":"Xác minh thành công","titile_authentication_phone_success":"Xác thực thành công","authentication_phone_error":"Xác thực điện thoại thất bại","warning_custom_no_authentication_phone":"Quý khách chưa xác thực số điện thoại","warning_phone_number_you_have_verified":"Số điện thoại của bạn đã xác minh","error_customer_access_page_here":"Quý khách chưa được truy cập trang này","skip_authenction":"Bỏ qua xác thực","error_enter_phone_invalid":"Khách hàng vui lòng nhập số điện thoại hợp lệ","error_info_invalid":"Thông tin không hợp lệ","error_code_verify_required":"Vui lòng nhập mã xác thực OTP","save_info_failed":"Lưu thông tin thất bại","save_info_success":"Lưu thông tin thành công","news":"Tin Tức","back_to_home":"Quay lại trang chủ","content_404":"Xin lỗi! 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Vui lòng kiểm tra lại thông tin đơn hàng khi thanh toán.","zalopay_create_url_error":"ZaloPay tạo đơn hàng thất bại.","error_zalopay_payment_int":"Số tiền tối thiểu thanh toán qua cổng ZaloPay là 10.000đ","momo_cart":"Hệ thống sẽ chuyển qua cổng thanh toán MoMo","product_payment_momo":"Thanh toán qua ví MoMo","error_momo_create_url_fail":"Tạo thanh toán qua MoMo thất bại. Vui lòng kiểm tra lại thông tin đơn hàng khi thanh toán.","momo_create_url_error":"MoMo tạo đơn hàng thất bại.","error_momo_payment":"Số tiền tối thiểu thanh toán qua cổng MoMo là 1000đ","addon_video_relate":"Video liên quan","addon_video_empty":"Không có video thuộc chủ đề này","addon_video_error_notfound":"Không tìm thấy video trên hệ thống","cart_empty":"Bạn chưa chọn món hàng nào.","cart_payment":"Thanh Toán","cart_payment_method_online":"Thanh toán trực tuyến","cart_order_now":"Đặt hàng nhanh","error_update_cart_fail":"Cập nhật giỏ hàng thất bại","error_update_cart_success":"Cập nhật giỏ hàng thành công","cart_add_success":"Thêm vào giỏ hàng thành công","cart_add_fail":"Thêm vào giỏ hàng thất bại","cart_add_fail_quantity":"Số lượng sản phẩm mua vượt quá số lượng có","error_login_add_cart":"Quý khách vui lòng đăng nhập để đặt hàng","confirm_delete_cart":"Bạn chắc chắn muốn xóa sản phẩm này khỏi giỏ hàng","cart_delete_success":"Xóa giỏ hàng thành công","cart_delete_fail":"Xóa giỏ hàng thất bại","cart_nganluong":"Hệ thống sẽ chuyển qua cổng thanh toán NganLuong.vn","cart_baokim":"Hệ thống sẽ chuyển qua cổng thanh toán BaoKim.vn","order_success":"Đặt hàng thành công","cart_order_success":"Thông tin đặt hàng thành công","cart_order_thank":"Xin cảm ơn quý khách đã đặt hàng trên hệ thống của chúng tôi.","cart_order_success_thank_customer":"Đặt hàng thành công, xin cảm ơn quý khách đã đặt hàng trên hệ thống của chúng tôi.","cart_note":"Ghi chú","cart_total_price":"Tổng tiền","cart_order_info":"Thông tin đơn hàng","cart_price_detail":"Chi tiết giá","cart_order_button":"Sửa","cart_payment_transportation":"Phương thức vận chuyển","form_of_delivery":"Hình thức giao hàng","cart_payment_transport_to":"Vận chuyển đến","cart_payment_select_provinces":"--- Chọn tỉnh\/thành ---","cart_payment_select_state":"--- Chọn bang ---","cart_payment_select_region":"--- Chọn Khu vực ---","cart_payment_select_district":"--- Chọn quận\/huyện ---","cart_payment_select_ward":"--- Chọn phường\/xã ---","cart_payment_city_name":"Nhập thành phố","cart_payment_postal_code":"Nhập Zip\/Postal code","cart_payment_select_shipping_method":"Chọn hãng\/phương thức giao hàng","cart_payment_transport_select":"Chọn","cart_payment_shipping_carrier":"Hãng vận chuyển","cart_payment_estimated_time":"Thời gian dự kiến","cart_payment_transport_fee":"Phí vận chuyển","cart_payment_transport_service":"Dịch vụ vận chuyển","cart_payment_cod_fee":"Phí thu hàng hộ","cart_payment_total_shipping_cost":"Tổng tiền vận chuyển","cart_payment_not_transport":"Bạn có muốn nhận hàng trực tiếp tại shop ?","shipping_fast":"Giao hàng nhanh","shipping_default":"Giao hàng mặc định","shipping_other_form":"Hình thức khác","shipping_other_form_desc":"Shop liên hệ sau khi đặt hàng thành công","info_extend_payment":"Thông tin thêm","cart_customer_info":"Thông tin khách hàng","cart_buyer_info":"Người mua hàng","cart_receive_info":"Người nhận hàng","cart_use_buyer_info":"Sử dụng thông tin người mua hàng","view_cart":"Giỏ hàng","discount_shipping_note":"Giảm giá cho phí vận chuyển","address_received_product":"Địa chỉ nhận hàng","product_payment_at_the_receive":"Thanh toán khi giao hàng (COD)","product_payment_at_the_company":"Thanh toán tại công ty","product_payment_nganluong":"Thanh toán NganLuong.vn","product_payment_baokim":"Thanh toán BaoKim.vn","product_payment_transfer":"Chuyển khoản qua ngân hàng","product_payment_transfer_qr":"Chuyển khoản qua QR","please_warning_enter_address_shipping":"Vui lòng chọn địa chỉ giao hàng","warning_empty_province_to_shipping":"Hiện tại không có hình thức vận chuyển phù hợp","message_not_used_method_payment":"* Chúng tôi sẽ liên hệ quý khách khi nhận được đơn hàng. Hình thức thanh toán sẽ được chúng tôi thông báo đến quý khách sớm.","product_compare_limit":"Danh sách so sánh đã đạt giới hạn cho phép (10 sản phẩm)","address_store_payment":"Địa chỉ cửa hàng","shipping_status_not_delivery":"Chưa giao hàng","status_shipping_delivered":"Đã giao hàng","status_shipping_cancel_delivery":"Hủy giao hàng","error_payment_method_required":"Xin vui lòng chọn hình thức thanh toán cho đơn hàng này","error_payment_method_fail":"Hình thức thanh toán này chưa cập nhật. Vui lòng chọn hình thức thanh toán khác","error_payment_fail":"Đã có lỗi trong quá trình thanh toán","error_payment_address_required":"Xin vui lòng nhập vào địa chỉ liên lạc của bạn!","error_payment_receive_address_required":"Xin vui lòng nhập vào địa chỉ người nhận!","error_payment_fullname_required":"Xin vui lòng nhập vào họ tên người liên hệ","error_payment_receive_fullname_required":"Xin vui lòng nhập vào họ tên người nhận","error_payment_email_required":"Hãy nhập vào địa chỉ Email mà bạn đang sử dụng","error_payment_transport_not_exists":"Không tồn tại phương thức vận chuyển này","error_cart_product_not_found":"Không tìm thấy sản phẩm giỏ hàng","error_value_must_not_be_less_than_1":"Giá trị không được nhỏ hơn 1","error_transport_method_empty":"Vui lòng chọn phương thức vận chuyển cho đơn hàng này","error_payment_total_0":"Không thể chọn phương thức thanh toán online khi giá trị đơn hàng là 0đ","error_payment_warning_select":"Không có phương thức thanh toán trực tuyến phù hợp với đơn hàng hiện tại","error_payment_province_select":"Xin vui lòng chọn tỉnh\/thành","error_payment_district_select":"Xin vui lòng chọn quận\/huyện","error_payment_ward_select":"Xin vui lòng chọn phường\/xã","error_shipping_warning_select":"Không có phương thức vận chuyển phù hợp với địa chỉ này","error_payment_shipping_rate_select":"Xin vui lòng chọn phương thức vận chuyển","error_payment_shipping_rate_not_valid":"Phương thức vận chuyển không hợp lệ","error_payment_city_name_required":"Xin vui lòng nhập vào tên thành phố","error_payment_postal_code_required":"Xin vui lòng nhập mã bưu chính","error_confirm_terms_invalid":"Bạn phải đồng ý với điều khoản trước khi thanh toán","coupon_used":"Sử dụng Coupon","point_used":"Sử dụng điểm thưởng","point_current_me":"Điểm thưởng hiện tại","voucher_used":"Sử dụng Voucher","coupon_input":"Nhập mã Coupon","voucher_input":"Nhập mã Voucher","coupon_button_apply":"Áp dụng","coupon_label":"Giảm giá Coupon","voucher_label":"Giảm giá Voucher","apply_code_coupon_success":"Áp dụng mã coupon thành công","apply_code_voucher_success":"Áp dụng mã voucher thành công","error_coupon_required":"Vui lòng nhập mã Coupon để sử dụng","error_voucher_required":"Vui lòng nhập mã Voucher để sử dụng","error_coupon_not_exists":"Mã Coupon không tồn tại!","error_coupon_not_accept":"Mã Coupon không hợp lệ!","error_coupon_not_used":"Mã Coupon đã hết lượt sử dụng!","error_coupon_total_product":"Giá trị đơn hàng tối thiểu không hợp lệ!","error_voucher_not_exists":"Mã Voucher không tồn tại!","error_voucher_not_accept":"Mã Voucher không hợp lệ!","error_voucher_not_used":"Mã Voucher đã hết lượt sử dụng!","error_coupon_apply_promotion":"Mã này không áp dụng đồng thời cùng chương trình khuyến mãi","show_more":"Xem thêm","show_less":"Thu gọn","product_in_of_stock":"Còn hàng","product_out_of_stock":"Hết hàng","product_viewed_confrim_remove":"Bạn chắc chắn muốn xóa sản phẩm này khỏi danh sách đã xem","product_viewed_confrim_remove_success":"Xóa sản phẩm khỏi danh sách đã xem thành công","product_viewed_confrim_remove_fail":"Xóa sản phẩm khỏi danh sách đã xem thất bại","product_compare_add_success":"Sản phẩm đã được thêm vào so sánh","product_compare_add_fail":"Thêm sản phẩm vào so sánh thất bại","product_compare_confirm_delete":"Bạn chắc chắn muốn xóa sản phẩm này khỏi danh sách so sánh","product_compare_confirm_delete_all":"Bạn chắc chắn muốn xóa tất cả sản phẩm này khỏi danh sách so sánh","product_compare_delete_success":"Xóa sản phẩm khỏi danh sách so sánh thành công","product_compare_delete_success_fail":"Xóa sản phẩm khỏi danh sách so sánh thất bại","add_favorite_success":"Thêm vào danh sách yêu thích thành công","add_favorite_fail":"Thêm vào danh sách yêu thích thất bại","product_favorite_confrim_remove":"Bạn chắc chắn muốn xóa sản phẩm này khỏi danh sách yêu thích","remove_favorite_success":"Xóa sản phẩm khỏi danh sách yêu thích thành công","remove_favorite_fail":"Xóa sản phẩm khỏi danh sách yêu thích thất bại","error_login_required":"Đăng nhập để thực hiện thao tác này","error_product_exists":"Sản phẩm đã tồn tại","error_product_not_found":"Không tìm thấy sản phẩm trên hệ thống","product_content_expand":"Xem thêm nội dung","product_content_collapse":"Ẩn bớt nội dung","title_order":"Đơn hàng","shipping_to":"Vận chuyển tới","promotion":"Khuyến mãi","order_expires_view":"Đơn hàng hết hạn xem","order_into_money":"Thành tiền","order_price_temporary":"Tạm tính","order_total_product":"Tổng tiền hàng","order_vat":"VAT","payment_method":"Hình thức thanh toán","delivery_method":"Hình thức giao hàng","error_order_not_found":"Không tìm thấy đơn hàng trong hệ thống. Bạn vui lòng làm mới lại website","error_content_lenght_must_be_than_10":"Nội dung phải lớn hơn 9 ký tự","error_add_member_success":"Gửi câu hỏi thành công.","error_add_member_fail":"Gửi câu hỏi thất bại.","code_product":"Mã sản phẫm","date_order":"Ngày giờ đặt hàng","receive_at_the_shop":"Đến nhận hàng trực tiếp tại cửa hàng","info_store_address":"Thông tin cửa hàng","delivery_to_your_place":"Giao hàng tận nơi","cart_code":"Mã đơn hàng","note_send_mail_order":"Nếu Anh\/chị có bất kỳ câu hỏi nào, xin liên hệ với chúng tôi qua mail","admin_shop":"Ban quản trị cửa hàng","transfer_information":"Thông tin chuyển khoản","order_shipping_to":"Đơn hàng sẽ được giao đến","notify_order_receive_and_contact_customer":"Đơn hàng của Anh\/Chị đã được tiếp nhận, chúng tôi sẽ nhanh chóng liên hệ với Anh\/Chị.","cart_discount":"Giảm giá","add_cart":"Thêm vào giỏ hàng","buy_more":"Mua thêm","send_product_reviews_success":"Gửi đánh giá sản phẩm thành công","send_product_reviews_error":"Gửi đánh giá sản phẩm thất bại","empty_product_id_error":"Sản phẩm rỗng","error_customer_write_review_consecutive":"Quý khách vui lòng đánh giá sau 5 phút","used_point":"Sử dụng điểm thưởng","look_up_order":"Tra cứu đơn hàng","status_order":"Trạng thái đơn hàng","no_exits_order":"Không tồn tại đơn hàng","result_look_up":"Kết quả","look_up":"Tra cứu","product":"Sản phẩm","service":"Dịch vụ","copy_content_success":"Sao chép thành công","subject_title_send_mail":"Thông tin đặt hàng - MĐH","from":"từ","payment_method_unknown":"Không xác định","status_order_new":"Đơn hàng mới","status_order_accepted_processing":"Đang xử lý","status_order_pending":"Chờ xuất hàng","status_order_out_stock":"Xuất hàng","status_order_completed":"Hoàn thành","status_order_cancel":"Hủy đơn hàng","status_paid":"Đã thanh toán","status_unpaid":"Chờ thanh toán","method":"Phương thức","confirm":"Xác nhận","bank":"Ngân hàng","account_no":"Số tài khoản","content":"Nội dung","number_money":"Số tiền","summary_order":"Tóm tắt đơn hàng","selected_country":"Quốc gia","error_country_empty":"Quốc gia không thể trống","default":"Mặc định","product_payment_qr":"Chuyển khoản qua QR Code","order_not_found":"Không tìm thấy đơn hàng","cart_payment_success":"Thanh toán thành công","cart_payment_fail":"Thanh toán thất bại","cart_payment_welcome":"Xin chào: Anh\/Chị","cart_payment_thank":"Cảm ơn Anh\/Chị đã đặt hàng trên website của chúng tôi.","cart_payment_noti_success":"Giao dịch thanh toán đơn hàng của Anh\/Chị đã thành công. Mã đơn hàng của Anh\/Chị là:","cart_payment_order_fail":"Số đơn hàng của Anh\/Chị là:","cart_payment_order_cus_noti":"Giao dịch của Anh\/Chị","cart_payment_order_status":"không thành công","cart_payment_phone":"Điện thoại hỗ trợ","cart_payment_email":"Email hỗ trợ","cart_payment_back_home":"Trở về trang chủ trong","cart_payment_contact":"Vui lòng kiểm tra lại thông tin thanh toán hoặc liên hệ với chúng tôi để biết thêm thông tin chi tiết.","cart_error_no":"Mã lỗi","result_payment_online":"Kết quả thanh toán online đơn hàng","you_have_just_made_online_payment_transaction_for_your_order":"Anh\/Chị vừa thực hiện giao dịch thanh toán online cho đơn hàng:","status_transaction":"Trạng thái giao dịch:","if_you_any_question_please_contact_us_via_mail":"Nếu Anh\/chị có bất kỳ câu hỏi nào, vui lòng liên hệ với chúng tôi qua mail"}

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Vacuum Brazing Technics","desc":"<h1>Amazing Vacuum Furnaces - Vacuum Brazing Technics<\/h1>\n","content":"<h1>Amazing Vacuum Furnaces - Vacuum Brazing Technics<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n\nKey for Brazing Success&nbsp;<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nSuccessful vacuum brazing relies on proper technique as well as the correct materials and furnace capability to continuously control the brazing cycle (vacuum level, heating\/cooling rates, temperature, time, and purity of quenching gases).&nbsp;Experience has shown that better than ninety percent of all brazing problems occur because of a violation of one of these basic fundamentals of brazing [1, 2, 4]:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ol>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Properly designed braze joints, appropriate to the service condition to be encountered<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Appropriate cleaning and surface preparation of work pieces prior to brazing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Proper joint fit up (gap clearance at brazing temperature, flatness, squareness, burrs, etc.)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Right brazing filler metal (BFM) selection, as well as use of good BFM preparation and application practices<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Appropriate assembly and fixturing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Properly designed vacuum furnace brazing cycle (brazing temperature and time, heating and cooling rates, etc.)&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Adherence to process standards requirements for specific control and maintenance of vacuum furnace equipment<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Knowledgeable inspection of finished brazed assemblies<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nIntroduction<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe American Welding Society defines brazing as &ldquo;a group of welding processes&rdquo; which produces coalescence of materials by heating to suitable temperature and using a filler metal having a liquidus above 840F (450C) and below solidus of the base metal. The filler metal is distributed between the closely fitting surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction. For brazing to occur, the following three criteria must be met:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Parts must be joined without melting the base metal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Brazing filler metal (BFM) must have a liquidus temperature above 840&infin;F (450&infin;C)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">The BFM must wet the base metal surfaces and be drawn into or held in the joint by capillary attraction<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nTo achieve a good joint using any brazing process the following conditions must be met:&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">The part must be properly cleaned prior to brazing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">The parts must be protected, either by fluxing or atmosphere during heating process to prevent oxidation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">The parts must be designed to afford capillary attraction (gap clearance, etc.)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nWhy Vacuum Furnace Brazing?<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nVacuum brazing is usually a high temperature (typically 1700&infin;F\/927&infin;C - 2250&infin;F\/1232&infin;C), fluxless process using nickel-base, pure copper and less frequently precious BFM. There are several advantages to brazing under vacuum conditions:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">The purity level of the atmosphere (vacuum) can be precisely controlled. Atmospheres of much higher purity can be achieved than can be obtained in regular atmosphere furnace, in effect; there is less residual oxygen to contaminate the work piece.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">The vacuum condition at high temperature results in a decomposed oxides layer, and by doing so improves the base metal wetting properties.&nbsp;Improved wetting will result in better joint properties (e.g. increased strength, minimum porosity, etc.)&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Reduced to a minimum distortion because all parts are heated and cooled uniformly at precisely controlled heating\/cooling rates.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Repeatability and reliability of the brazing process in modern vacuum furnaces, ideally suitable for Lean\/Agile manufacturing system.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nVacuum Brazing Equipment<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240828113218-1.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;&nbsp;Figure 1 Vacuum Brazing Furnace Assembly<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nTwo types of vacuum furnaces are available in the industry depending on material used for construction of hot zone. The choice of hot zone construction (heating elements and insulation) depends on the vacuum level requirement, compatibility with base material, braze filler metals, temperature requirements, and cooling speed.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe most popular choices for insulation and heating elements are graphite and a refractory metal such as molybdenum.&nbsp;Molybdenum will not absorb moisture, will heat faster and is still recommended in the aerospace industry for materials made from titanium, aluminum or materials having high content of these metals.&nbsp;Graphite is a more economical material with lower maintenance requirements.&nbsp;Graphite material purity has improved over the last several years, and can now be considered for many vacuum brazing applications.&nbsp;A furnace using graphite will need a larger pumping system to operate at the same vacuum levels as the furnace with a metal hot zone because graphite is a hygroscopic material.&nbsp;Generally, graphite furnaces heat more slowly compared to an all-metal hot zone furnace.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/b>&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nBraze Joint Design<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nClearance For Vacuum Furnace Brazing<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nClearance is the distance between the surfaces of the joint at brazing temperature. Braze joint clearance has a significant effect on mechanical properties of the joint.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240828113218-2.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\nFor silver, gold, copper and nickel braze filler metals suitable for vacuum brazing, the clearance should be 0.0260 to 0.05 mm (0.001 to 0.002-inch) at the brazing temperature. Vacuum has an effect on the design of clearances for a specific base and filler material. Vacuum brazing requires lower clearances than atmospheric type brazing to obtain optimum strength in the joint. In general, in vacuum furnace brazing of a vertical joint, a free flowing braze filler will flow out of the joint if the clearance is in excess of 0.076mm (0.003&quot;). Larger clearances can be filled with fillers having a wide melting range. Clearance must be considered either at room temperature or at the brazing temperature. With similar metals of approximately equal mass, room temperature is suitable. Between similar metals clearance is easily maintained in assemblies where parts are a press or shrink fit. In some cases, it is necessary to fit spacer wires, shims, prick\/punch marks, knurl, grit blast, etc., to ensure proper clearance for optimum results and flow into the joint.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nDifferential Metal Expansion (DME)<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nWith dissimilar metals, the one with the highest expansion coefficient may tend to increase or decrease the clearance depending on relative positions and configurations of the joint [3]. Optimal gap clearance for BFM flow for dissimilar joint metal members is always specified at brazing temperature!<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nCALCULATIONS: Knowing the DME rates for the metals being joined, back-calculate from the brazing temperature down to room temperature (RT) to find RT clearance at brazing temperature [3].<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nWhen cooling down from the brazing temperature, stresses and strains are put on the joint. The joint either wants to open up and get larger on cooling (causing tensile stresses in the joint), that is least desirable as it may lead to cracks in the joint. Or it wants to contract and get smaller on cooling (resulting in compressive stresses in the joint) that is most desirable.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nJoints should be designed for vacuum furnace brazing and if possible, braze filler should be pre-placed in the joint or adjacent to the heaviest member. This will minimise the tendency for the braze to melt and flow when the lightest member reaches the required temperature. Specific consideration must be given to expansion to obtain the correct joint clearance at the brazing temperature.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240828113218-3.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\nOverlap And Surface Flatness Brazing<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nProper overlap length (lap-joints), flatness and squareness of joined members must be maintained in order to obtain quality joints (Ref. Figure 3). This is the formula to calculate the length of lap for flat joints [5]:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nX = (Y&nbsp;<\/span><\/b>&iuml;&nbsp;T&nbsp;<\/b>&iuml;&nbsp;W) L<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nWhere:&nbsp;&nbsp;X = Length of lap area&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Y = Safety factor desired<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T = Tensile strength of weakest member<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;W = Thickness of weakest member<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;L = Shear strength of brazing filler metal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n\nBraze Joint Design For Proper Stress Distribution<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n\nLap joints can be designed to be fused at high and low stress. Flexure of the right member (Ref. in&nbsp;C<\/b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;D<\/b>&nbsp;in Figure 3) will distribute load through the base metal thus reducing the stress concentration and improving fatigue life of the brazement.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240828113218-4.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\nEffect Of Surface Roughness On Braze Joint Properties<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nExtensive testing over the years has shown that the best surface for brazing is the &ldquo;as-received&rdquo; surface roughness of the material coming into the shop. This as-received surface may be 32 RMS, 64 RMS or even 125 RMS or greater. Surface roughness adds surface area to the joint, which provides countless extra capillary paths for BFM to follow.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nCAUTION 1: It is not recommended to polish the metal surface prior to brazing! This can destroy capillary path, and, with &ldquo;metal-to-metal&rdquo; pressed contact, could actually shut off capillary flow entirely. Figure 5 below shows what happens when an as-received metal surface (under high magnification) is placed together with &ldquo;metal-to-metal&rdquo; pressed contact [2].<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nCAUTION 2: It is strongly recommended to perform surface enhancement of the polished joint members prior to brazing by rough grit blasting using chilled cast iron, or stainless-steel grits (do not use of non-metallic media).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240828113218-5.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\nNote that the hills and valleys of the surface roughness still allow BFM to flow through the joint. This metal-to-metal &ldquo;contact&rdquo; is still equivalent to about a 0.001-inch clearance between the two braze joint metal members.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nCleaning Procedure Prior To Vacuum Brazing&nbsp;<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nClean, oxide free surfaces are imperative to ensure sound brazed joints of uniform quality. Uniform capillary attraction may be obtained only when all grease, oil, dirt, and oxides have been removed from both the filler metal and the base metal before brazing. The choice of cleaning process depends on the following [2]:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Nature of contamination<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Specific base metal to be cleaned<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Degree of cleanliness required for brazing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Part configuration<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Need to remove or provide barrier for coating for undesirable element such as Al, Ti, N2 ,etc.,)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nChemical Cleaning Methods:<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ol>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Emulsion cleaning in insoluble hydrocarbons and water (good for removal of oils and cutting fluids)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Cleaning in water-base alkaline cleaners (good for removal of oils and cutting fluids)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Solvent cleaning in mineral spirits, alcohol, acetone, chlorinated hydrocarbons (good for removal of mineral oils and cutting fluids). Poor effect when used for removal of water-soluble oils.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Vapor degreasing in trichlorethylene, trichloroethane, (excellent for removal of mineral oils and cutting fluids). Poor effect when used for removal of water-soluble oils.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nMechanical Cleaning Methods:<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nAll parts shall be chemically cleaned to remove oils, dirt and greases prior to attempting one of these mechanical cleaning methods:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ol>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Grit blasting using chilled cast iron, or stainless-steel grits or powders.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nCAUTION: grit blasting with non-metallic materials (aluminium oxide, silicon carbide, etc.,) can ruin brazing!<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ol>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Machining or grinding is acceptable methods provided that joint clearances are not disturbed.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nThe ability to &quot;wet&quot; a surface and flow freely over it is the most important characteristic of any braze alloy. To secure good wet absolute cleanliness is essential.&nbsp;Once cleaned, components should not be handled more than necessary and then only when wearing cotton gloves. Delays between preparation and processing parts should be kept to a minimum. If there is a waiting time then bag, cover or place in an environmental cabinet.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nAdequate time must be given to allow thorough purging of retorts before heating. With Push through Furnaces time must be given to allow the gas to displace any trapped air in boats before pushing the work into the hot section of the furnace.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe tendency for a braze alloy to spread can be assessed by measuring the advancing contact angle between the alloy and the parent material. Different braze and parent materials will behave differently together but cleanliness is very significant. Contact angle is also affected by surface roughness, and possibly time and temperature.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nBrazing Filler Metal Selection&nbsp;<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn order for satisfactory use under actual conditions, BFM must have the following characteristics:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Ability to &ldquo;wet&rdquo; the base metal on which it is used.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Suitable melting and flow properties to permit distribution by capillary attraction in properly prepared joints.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Ability to make a strong, sound metallurgical bond to the base metal on which it is used.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Must have chemical composition of sufficient homogeneity and stability to minimize separation by liquation under the brazing condition to be encountered. It is desirable that BFM would have a compatible chemical composition with the substrate [1,2, 4].&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">BFM must be able to produce a braze joint that will meet the service requirements specified (e.g. strength, thermal cycling and fatigue, corrosion resistance, must withstand service temperature, shock and vibration).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nBraze alloys are numerous and available in a variety of forms; wire, foil, strip, powder, paste, prefabs, transfer tape etc. The braze alloy type can dictate the method of assembly of a component and how it is applied.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe Pd, Au and Ag ranges being easily worked are widely available as wire, foil and performs. Solid forms are preferred since cycle times are kept to a minimum and preparation and assembly of parts is easier. Placement of the braze is consistent with none of the variances attributable to operators applying uneven amounts of braze paste.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nPastes are available for many of the common brazes and find common use with Ni and Co types which are not easy to workinto foil and wire. With pastes the organic binders must be allowed to dry before loading to the furnace. Heating must give time for binders to evolve slowly and steadily hence the common practice of an intermediate soak in the range 350&deg;C&nbsp;to 450&deg;C. With any binder there is always a risk of entrapmentand carbonaeous debris in the joint. Excessive spreading ofbraze will occur if evolution of the binder is too rapid.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nAssembly &amp; Fixturing For Brazing&nbsp;<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nBrazements should be designed so that the detail parts are self-fixturing and self-aligning where possible. The use of&nbsp;fixtures in the furnace increases the cost of processing and adds to distortion difficulties.&nbsp;In cases where self-jigging is not possible, brazements can be created by utilizing one of the following methods: tack welding, poke welding, gravity locating, swaging or stacking. It should be obvious that to obtain an adequate braze joint clean, oxide free surfaces of assembled work pieces are imperative.&nbsp;Further, maintaining a proper gap clearance is one of the most important issues in the assembly of parts for brazing.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nWhen specific effects during brazing are to be obtained and\/or parts configuration do not allow the use of a self- fixturing method, properly designed fixtures must be used. Fixtures must be capable of maintaining proper braze clearance, have dimensional stability, and have compatible coefficients of thermal expansion with parts being brazed.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nWhere fixtures are required, the design and material must conform to the following:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Use thin sections consistent with rigidity and durability as required.&nbsp;Avoid heavy sections. The total weight of all fixtures shall not exceed 50% of the total weight of the assemblies being brazed per furnace run.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Fixtures should be made from materials which are not reactive with the material of the assembly being brazed. Inconel 600, Alloy 230, MA956, Molybdenum and graphite are recommended fixture materials for vacuum brazing and heat treatment. These materials will maintain high strength in elevated temperatures and have good resistance to thermal shock.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Avoid the use of dissimilar metals where differences in thermal expansion could affect assembly dimensions.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Avoid the use of bolts and screws as they may relax upon heating or pressure welding in place.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Fixtures must not interfere with the flow of cooling gas.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Fixtures should be subjected to the brazing environment prior to use, to ensure stability and relieve stresses.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nPre-placed braze is placed within and covers the whole surface of the joint. This method is applicable to transfer tape, cut foils and performs.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nCapillary placed externally to but in contact with the joint. On melting the braze is sucked into the joint. This method is suitable for wire and paste.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nWhere the complete periphery of the joint is visible, inspection is a straightforward case of looking for complete full fillet all round. When only one side of the joint is visible after assembly it is better to place the braze so capillaries towards those visible edges in order to be confident in the final result.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nVacuum Furnace Brazing Cycles&nbsp;<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nA properly designed vacuum brazing cycle (Ref. Figures 6 and 7) is a very critical step in the vacuum brazing process. The brazing cycle shall comprise the following segments:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nInitial Pumpdown<\/span><\/b>&nbsp;For easy-to braze materials (Ref. Figure 6) evacuating vacuum to 8 x 10-4 torr is sufficient; however, for difficult-to-braze materials (e.g. nickel-base superalloys containing appreciable amounts of aluminum and titanium), the furnace should be pumped down to below 5 x 10-4 torr before commencing heating.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240828113218-6.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\nInitial Heating Ramp<\/span><\/b>&nbsp;The initial ramp should be 20&ordm; to 30&ordm; F\/minute. Faster rates are not recommended because:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">part distortion may occur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">brazing slurry application may spall off<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">With large loads (containing appreciable amount of brazing slurry) excessive outgassing will likely occur&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nCement Burn-Off&nbsp;<\/span><\/b>For critical materials (e.g. nickel-base superalloys) particularly, with heavily applicated parts (e.g. surface braze build-up) a burn off soak (Ref. Figure 7) is strongly recommended to avoid too high a pressure rise.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240828113218-7.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\nStabilizing Soak<\/span><\/b>&nbsp;<\/i>A soak temperature shall be about 50&ordm;F below solidus temperature of the brazing slurry for duration of 15 to 30 minutes, or until the pressure drops below the desired level, whichever is longer. This soak serves two purposes:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">It allows the temperature throughout the load to equalize so all parts in the load will reach brazing temperature at approximately the same time during the next heating cycle<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">It ensures that vacuum pressure levels are low enough before proceeding (ramping) to brazing temperature<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nHeating Ramp to Brazing Temperature<\/span><\/b>&nbsp;The final heating rate to brazing temperature is very critical. The rate must be fast enough to avoid excessive liquidation of the brazing alloy and subsequent alloying with and erosion of the base metal. For thin materials (e.g. 0.010-inch thickness or less) heating rates of&nbsp;50&ordm; to 75&ordm; F\/minute are essential. Rates of 30&ordm; to 50&ordm; F\/minute are the most frequently used in the industry.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nBrazing Temperature&nbsp;<\/span><\/b>It is desirable to use the lowest brazing temperature within the recommended brazing range consistent with producing a satisfactory joint. In some applications minimum brazing temperatures are essential:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">when using pure copper brazing filler<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">to fill large gaps with wide gap nickel alloys<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">when brazing very thin materials<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nNOTE: For extremely thin metal, fillet type joint (e.g. honeycomb seals), a brazing temperature is equal or even slightly below the liquidus temperature in order to avoid excessive flow and erosion.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nBrazing Soak<\/span><\/b>&nbsp;In general, time at brazing temperature should be long enough to ensure that all sections of a work piece and all parts within the load reach the desired brazing temperature.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nNOTE: Brazing temperature and brazing time are considered as a &ldquo;critical event&rdquo;.&nbsp;It is strongly recommended that Guaranteed Soak Point be used in the program.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nAttack of component material by reaction with the braze filler, i.e. erosion, is related to diffusion but undesirable. Both can be avoided by keeping times at soak and brazing temperatures to a minimum and by choosing appropriate temperatures<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nCooling From Brazing Temperature&nbsp;<\/span><\/b>For materials that do not require solution heat treatment or hardening, it is recommended that the load be vacuum cooled from brazing temperature to a temperature at least 50&ordm;F below the solidus temperature of the brazing slurry, before initiating the gas quenching system. If the part requires heat treatment from brazing temperature, then the gas quench must be initiated at the end of the brazing soak period.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nUnloading the Furnace&nbsp;<\/span><\/b>In theory parts can be unloaded when they are below 400&ordm;F without discoloration.&nbsp;However, to ensure that there is no possibility of discoloration on critical, heavier parts, it is recommended that all load thermocouples be below 200&ordm;F before opening the furnace.&nbsp;Brazed joints may be reworked by brazing to the original, qualified brazing procedure specification.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nVacuum Equipment Qualification&nbsp;<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nAnd Periodic Testing\/Calibration&nbsp;<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe vacuum furnace used for brazing operations requires adherence to specific industry standards for brazing processes. Before use, vacuum furnaces should be checked for instrument accuracy, temperature accuracy, temperature uniformity, and leak rate.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240828113218-8.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\nFigure 8 Vacuum Brazing Furnace with All Metal Hot Zone<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nVacuum furnaces for brazing below 2000&deg;F (1093&deg;C) that are using workload thermocouples should be qualified every six-months, and 90 days for those furnaces not using workload thermocouples.&nbsp;Vacuum furnaces used for brazing above 2000&deg;F (1093&deg;C) should be qualified not to exceed three months when working thermocouples are being used, and 30 days for those furnaces that do not use workload thermocouples.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nFurnace Instrument Accuracy Check<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThis check consists of a visual comparison between the temperature indicator\/controller and the furnace chart recorder readouts. Both must be within specified furnace system temperature accuracy (usually &plusmn;1&deg;C).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nFurnace System Accuracy Test<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the area of requirements related to the accuracy of temperature regulation and uniformity, standard AMS2750 (A<\/b>erospace&nbsp;M<\/b>aterial&nbsp;S<\/b>pecification) is used most often.&nbsp;It was issued by SAE (S<\/b>ociety of&nbsp;A<\/b>utomotive&nbsp;E<\/b>ngineers) in 1980.&nbsp;The most recent revision AMS275E was published July 2012.&nbsp;It introduces stricter requirements for temperature measurement, inspection and recording equipment in furnaces installed after September 2006.&nbsp;The furnace system accuracy test shall be accomplished by inserting the temperature-sensing element within a maximum of three inches (or less) of the furnace control thermocouple. The furnace system accuracy should be measured every 30 days by the installation of a probe thermocouple in the hot zone within 3 inches (76 mm) from the furnace control thermocouple.&nbsp;The variation shall be not greater than +\/- 0.75% of probe temperature.&nbsp;The probe temperature should be taken within 200F (93&ordm;C) of the lowest and highest qualification temperature of the furnace.&nbsp;&nbsp;To avoid excessive heat losses (heat draft) it is recommended to insulate the controlling thermocouple between the hot zone and vacuum vessel.&nbsp;The table below shows the new temperature uniformity requirements according to AMS2750E.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<img height=\"456\" src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240828113218-9.jpeg\" width=\"622\" \/><\/p>\n\nIn its revised version, standard AMS2750E imposes upon furnace users the duty of periodically inspecting the accuracy of the temperature measuring system.&nbsp;The SAT (S<\/b>ystem&nbsp;A<\/b>ccuracy&nbsp;T<\/b>est) tests are done with a frequency that depends upon the furnace class and the type of measuring equipment used in it (&quot;A&quot; or &quot;E&quot;). In the case of the vacuum furnace type class 2 instruments D, the SAT test should be performed weekly.&nbsp;&nbsp;The below table describes frequency of System Accuracy Test intervals according to instrument type and furnace class.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240828113218-10.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\nFurnace Temperature Uniformity Survey<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nTemperature uniformity should be performed without a load.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nNo less than nine thermocouples should be used for furnaces with hot zones more that 10 cubic feet.&nbsp;Thermocouples should be located symmetrically within hot zone. The qualification should be performed at the lowest and highest operating temperature of the vacuum furnace and at an intermediate temperature such that the difference between qualification temperatures is not greater than 600&deg;F (316&deg;C).&nbsp;For vacuum furnaces operating above required range of less than 200&deg;F (93&deg;C) only the lowest and the highest temperature should be used.&nbsp;The temperature should be recorded at two minutes interval starting 100&deg;F (38&deg;C) below the first set point and continued recorded at least 30 minutes after controlling thermocouple indicates that hot zone has reached thermal equilibrium. According to AMS2750E Vacuum<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nLevel during TUS&rdquo; shall be run at the lowest vacuum&nbsp;level<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nused in production, but need not be less than 1 micron Hg.&rdquo; Most vacuum furnaces are designed class 2 and achieve -&plusmn;6&deg;C\/&plusmn;10&ordm;F or better temperature uniformity.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240828113218-11.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\nLeak Rate Check<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe leak rate check shall be conducted weekly and should be measured in an empty, clean, cold and out gassed furnace and should not exceed 10 microns per hour for general applications, or 5 microns per hour for critical applications.&nbsp;The furnace burnout cycle shall be done prior to conducting the leak rate check. The burnout temperature shall be 100&infin;F higher than the highest temperatures used during the previous week. The leak rate should be measured after furnace has reached less than 5x10-4 Torr.&nbsp;A more accurate leak check that takes into consideration the vacuum chamber size can be done according to the following procedure:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nQ=(P2-P1) x V\/t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nQ &ndash; Leak Rate<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nP2 &ndash; vacuum after survey end<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nP1 &ndash; vacuum on the start of survey<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nV &ndash; volume of the furnace vessel in litres<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nT &ndash; survey time (no less that 60 minutes)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nMost good furnaces have leak rate around 1 x 10-3 Torr x l\/s) or better.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nWorkload Thermocouples<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe thermocouple is a critical part of furnace control. Obviously, if we are to get meaningful readings, then sensible positioning is essential.&nbsp;Workload control thermocouples shall be specify by ASTM E230 specification. They shall be calibrated by comparison to a known calibrated test instrument.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThermocouple types are chosen to suit the process, especially temperature capability. There are 3 types in common use: Type K (chromel-alumel) for use up to 1150&deg;C (2100&deg;F), Type S (platinum-platinum\/rhodium) for use up 1600&deg;C (2900&deg;F) and W3 (tungsten\/26%rhenium - tungsten\/3%rhenium) for use up to 2000&deg;C (3600&deg;F).&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nType K is well known and widely used, but they are susceptible to drift at elevated temperatures. Accuracy and reliability become increasingly poor with exposure to sustained higher temperatures, especially above 1150&deg;C (2000&deg;F). They are also sensitive to the atmosphere in which they are used. Beaded types should be used in oxidizing conditions. Mildly oxidizing or reducing atmospheres can lead to Cr loss and lower readings of EMF and error. Re-use of type K thermocouples shall be limited to the following equation:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nU = A + 2*B + 7*C<\/span><\/b>&le;&nbsp;30<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nA = a number of usages below 1200&deg;F<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nB = a number of usages below 2000&deg;F<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nC = a number of usages over 2000&deg;F<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe alternative to K which avoids these problems without the expense of Types R or S is Type N. Susceptibility to drift is much reduced, accuracy better (&plusmn;1.5&deg;C up to 1250&deg;C) and with a continuous temperature capability of 1250&deg;C (2200&deg;F). Use of Type N thermocouples in vacuum furnaces has proved to be very practical. Experience has shown that Type N thermocouples last much longer without failure than Type K thermocouples. Yet, Type N thermocouples require re-calibration or replacement every three months.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nLoad thermocouples need to be placed in such a way that they reflect true load behavior. The hot junction should be placed in a hole in the component or fixture by preference. If this is not feasible, then in a block of material placed in the load and typical of the component section thickness. In any case, the hot junction should not see direct radiation from heating elements or hot zone insulation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nVacuum Level During Brazing<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe ability to &quot;wet&quot; a surface and flow freely over it is the most important characteristic of any braze alloy. To secure good wetting, parts and vacuum furnace cleanliness and proper vacuum level are essential. When heated, parts require protection. Adequate time must be given to allow thorough purging and evacuation before heating starts.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nTo achieve the high vacuum necessary and to ensure that it is maintained through the useful life, it is necessary to outgas\/clean the vacuum hot zone periodically.&nbsp;Together with the necessity for low vacuum leak rate 1x10-3 Torr\/l-s or less that 5 microns per hour vacuum tightness is very important to achieve quality brazing.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nA vacuum level of 5 micron or less should be properly controlled.&nbsp;A Dew Point of -55&deg;C\/-67&deg;F (10-2 Torr) is required to braze stainless steel. Oxygen must also be controlled to suit the process and materials processed.&nbsp;Vacuum conditions in most cases reduce oxides so braze fillers can wet and flow over the surfaces of the cleaned metal. For special applications, with more demanding brazing specifications in the level range of 10&ndash;7 Torr, Turbomolecular or Cryopumps are used.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nCooling Gases<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nCooling gases that are used to shorten the brazing cycle and achieve proper metallurgical properties should be of high purity to prevent the formation of oxides.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nInert cooling gases<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nArgon - 99.999 percent purity with dew point lower than&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&ndash;60&ordm;F inhibits evaporation and forms no compound.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nNitrogen 99.9995 percent purity with dew point lower than&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&ndash;60&ordm;F- should be acceptable, but should be avoided if harmful formation of nitrides occurs.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nInspection After Vacuum Brazing<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe quality control system should be adequate for general and critical applications. Knowledgeable inspection of finished brazed assemblies shall use adequate inspection techniques as applicable to a particular application (general or critical).&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nVisual Inspection and FPI<\/span><\/b>&nbsp;(Flourescent Penetrant Inspection)&nbsp;<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nVisual inspection is (and should be!) the widely used NDT methods. FPI shall be used for machined surfaces only. Parts should be inspected for the following conditions:&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">cracks or voids in brazed joint or adjacent base material<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">surface porosity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">completeness of brazed joint band (excluding the fillet) around the circumference or along braze application (visual only)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">freedom from excess braze filler material on surface of assembled parts (visual only)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nRadiographic Examination<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nRadiography (or ultrasonic inspection) shall be used for braze joints Class A to detect subsurface and\/or internal defects. Special techniques are required to reliably inspect joints of varying thickness. Multiple views and careful interpretation is required.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nSome of the Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods are being used improperly. FPI technique is limited to inspect machined surfaces only, but it is being used to detect defects in braze joint fillets.&nbsp;Similarly, many braze joints shall not be radiographically inspected because this technique requires sensitivities that are difficult to achieve (better than 2%) [2].<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","image_url":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/product\/Brazing\/han%20bang%20lo%20chan%20khong.jpg","image_thumb_url":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/thumb_images\/product\/Brazing\/han%20bang%20lo%20chan%20khong.jpg","tags":"","count_view":279,"seo_name":"amazing-vacuum-furnaces-vacuum-brazing-technics","date_update":1724819237,"date_created_format":1724819852,"meta_title":"","meta_desc":"","meta_keyword":"","qr_code":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/amazing-vacuum-furnaces-vacuum-brazing-technics"},{"id":658025,"name":"熱処理概要　Heat treatment","desc":"","content":"<img height=\"653\" src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image(58).png\" width=\"537\" \/><\/p>\n","image_url":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/news\/khai%20luoc%20xu%20ly%20nhiet.jpg","image_thumb_url":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/thumb_images\/news\/khai%20luoc%20xu%20ly%20nhiet.jpg","tags":"","count_view":140,"seo_name":"heat-treatment","date_update":1724732909,"date_created_format":1724733160,"meta_title":"","meta_desc":"","meta_keyword":"","qr_code":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/heat-treatment"},{"id":657819,"name":"Kỹ thuật xử lý nhiệt 熱処理技術","desc":"焼入れ、焼戻し<\/strong><\/p>\n\n材料を強くしたい、硬くしたいときに実施します。<\/p>\n\n焼き入れると硬質のマルテンサイト組織に変化します。<\/p>\n\n焼き入れたままでは脆さが残るので、通常、その後に焼き戻しをして、強さと靭性（脆さをなくす）の調整を行います。<\/p>\n\n鋼は焼き入れて硬質のマルテンサイト組織が生成すると膨張し、焼き戻しによって縮みます。<\/p>\n\n焼鈍とは、加工して硬くなったものを熱を加える事により、材料を軟質にする事です。これにより、その材料本来の性質に戻ります。<\/strong><\/p>\n\n金属は加工(プレス加工、溶接、曲げ加工、切削加工など)することにより金属内に応力が残ります。この残留応力は、寸法の狂い、応力腐食割れの発生、加工性の低下などを引き起こします。<\/p>\n\nこれらの防止のためには、熱処理で残留応力を除去したり、緩和することが必要です。<\/p>\n","content":"焼入れ、焼戻し<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n材料を強くしたい、硬くしたいときに実施します。<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n焼き入れると硬質のマルテンサイト組織に変化します。<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n焼き入れたままでは脆さが残るので、通常、その後に焼き戻しをして、強さと靭性（脆さをなくす）の調整を行います。<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n鋼は焼き入れて硬質のマルテンサイト組織が生成すると膨張し、焼き戻しによって縮みます。<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n焼鈍とは、加工して硬くなったものを熱を加える事により、材料を軟質にする事です。これにより、その材料本来の性質に戻ります。<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n金属は加工<\/span>(プレス加工、溶接、曲げ加工、切削加工など<\/span>)することにより金属内に応力が残ります。この残留応力は、寸法の狂い、応力腐食割れの発生、加工性の低下などを引き起こします。<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nこれらの防止のためには、熱処理で残留応力を除去したり、緩和することが必要です。<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<v:shape 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\/><\/p>\n","image_url":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/news\/martensite_of_SUS410.jpg?t=1724385110","image_thumb_url":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/thumb_images\/news\/martensite_of_SUS410.jpg?t=1753117465","tags":"","count_view":151,"seo_name":"ky-thuat-xu-ly-nhiet","date_update":1724384447,"date_created_format":1724385156,"meta_title":"ky-thuat-xu-ly-nhiet-熱処理技術","meta_desc":"ky-thuat-xu-ly-nhiet-熱処理技術","meta_keyword":"ky-thuat-xu-ly-nhiet-熱処理技術","qr_code":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/ky-thuat-xu-ly-nhiet"},{"id":657442,"name":"Benefits of Heat Treating Metals","desc":"&nbsp;<\/p>\n\nBenefits of Heat Treating Metals<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe&nbsp;heat treatment of metal<\/b>&nbsp;involves the heating and cooling of metal. Metal is heated to a specific temperature and then cooling occurs to harden the heated material.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n","content":"Heat Treating Benefits for Your Manufactured Part<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<img height=\"620\" src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240819081240-1.jpeg\" width=\"930\" \/><\/p>\n\nBenefits of Heat Treating Metals<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe&nbsp;heat treatment of metal<\/b>&nbsp;involves the heating and cooling of metal. Metal is heated to a specific temperature and then cooling occurs to harden the heated material.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nBy applying heat treatments to metals, you can modify the metal&rsquo;s microstructure or chemical composition to alter its corrosion resistance, magnetism, durability, heat conductivity, and electrical conductivity. A part can go through a series of heat treatments to get to a desired performance.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nHeat treating improves manufacturability by removing internal stresses from previous metal working processes.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nHeat treating can improve wear resistance by hardening the material. Metals including steel, titanium, Inconel and some copper alloys can be hardened either on the surface, case hardening, or all the way through, to make the material stronger, tougher, more durable and more resistant to wear.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nImproved strength and toughness are another benefit. Heat treatment can affect the yield strength, tensile strength, and fracture toughness.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nHeat treatment processes can improve magnetic properties. Several metals such as 1008 steel or 316 stainless steel can gain magnetism when work-hardened. Annealing can reduce the magnetic permeability which is important if the part will end up in an electronic application.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nWhy is heat treating important for the manufacturing industry?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nHeat treating manufactured parts<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>&nbsp;is an essential part of the metal manufacturing process.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nPerhaps the most important aspect is the part performance and can be increased through heat treatment as the process:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul style=\"list-style-type:circle\">\n\t<li style=\"margin-top:7.5pt; margin-bottom:0in; margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Increases strength, making the metal more ductile<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin-top:7.5pt; margin-bottom:0in; margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Introduces wear resistant properties to the metal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin-top:7.5pt; margin-bottom:0in; margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Relieves stresses from work hardening, making the part easier to machine or weld<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin-top:7.5pt; margin-bottom:0in; margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Improves brittleness&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nPart longevity and performance is especially important in aerospace and automotive applications.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe Process for Heat treating Deep Draw Components<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nHeat treating is a general term for many different thermal processes used on various metals, the processes are used to enhance or modify the properties of the material to meet the requirements of the intended application.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nAlthough there are many types of heat treatment for metals, they follow similar processes. The first step involves the heating of the metal to the required temperature, in some cases up to 2400 degrees. The metal is held at the necessary temperature for a specific amount of time before cooling.&nbsp; While the metal is hot, the physical structure of the metal changes. The soak time is the amount of time used to heat the metal.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe most common methods for&nbsp;heat treating deep draw parts<\/b>&nbsp;include:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nAnnealing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe annealing process involves heating and soaking metal at a critical temperature before cooling it. This helps relieve internal stresses and makes the metal less likely to break or fracture while being formed. There are several annealing techniques such as full annealing, recrystallization annealing, partial annealing, and final annealing.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nNormalizing is another annealing process that involves heating the metal up and cooling it at room temperature at a much faster pace than typical annealing.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nCase Hardening<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nTo harden a part&rsquo;s exterior without altering its interior, the case hardening process is typically used. Case hardening creates less brittle, more workable parts than other methods that increase hardness throughout the metal. One form of case hardening involves heating metal in a carbon rich environment called carburization, as this increases the metal&rsquo;s surface strength and carbon content.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nPrecipitation Hardening<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nPrecipitation hardening or aging creates strong yet lightweight metals. If working with a lightweight metal, you can heat it to a high temperature, quench it, and heat it to a lower temperature for an extended amount of time to disperse the precipitates evenly throughout the metal&rsquo;s grain structure to increase its strength and hardness.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nStress Relieving<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nDeep draw forming can cause stress to build up within parts which can weaken them and reduce their overall quality. Stress relieving will remove residual stresses and improve its mechanical properties without altering its structure or hardness. Stress relieving is a heat treatment process in which a metal is subjected to a constant temperature that is below the metal&rsquo;s critical temperature, followed by controlled cooling.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nQuenching and Tempering<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThis is a two-part process that increases the hardness, ductility, and resilience of metals. During quenching, the metal is heated to a high temperature, changing its crystalline structure allowing it to absorb more carbon. The metal is then rapidly cooled to lock in microstructure changes.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nHere at PMP, we carefully select our&nbsp;heat-treating&nbsp;vendors based on&nbsp;ISO certification, Nadcap accreditation and other necessary criteria. Our supply chain is local, and this proximity has led to a great deal of flexibility in meeting our customers&rsquo; needs on short notice. It is easy to meet face to face with our suppliers to tackle issues or view processes on site.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","image_url":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/Anh%20ICS\/Metal-Heat-Treat%20bai%20viet.jpg","image_thumb_url":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/thumb_images\/Anh%20ICS\/Metal-Heat-Treat%20bai%20viet.jpg","tags":["Xử lý nhiệt (Nhiệt luyện)","nhiệt luyện kim loại","Nung","giữ nhiệt","làm nguội","Nhiệt luyện đơn giản","Cơ nhiệt luyện","Hoá nhiệt luyện. Sôi màng","Sôi bọt","Truyền nhiệt đối lưu","Xử lý nhiệt bằng cách Kết tụ làm cứng","Xử lý nhiệt chân không","Xử lý nhiệt thể tích","nhiệt luyện cho kim loại","các loại khuôn","độ cứng HRC","tôi thể tích","ram để đạt độ cứng","Gia nhiệt trong lò ở trạng thái chân không Heat treatment (Heat treatment)","heat treatment of metals","Annealing","quenching","normalizing heat treatment","mechanical heat treatment","Chemical heat treatment","hardening heat treatment","Vacuum heat treatment","Volumetric heat treatment","Heat treatment of metals","types of molds","HRC hardness","Volumetric quenching","Hardening tempering","vacuum furnace heating 熱処理（熱処理）、金属の熱処理、焼鈍、焼入れ、焼ならし熱処理、機械的熱処理、化学熱処理、焼入れ熱処理、真空熱処理、体積熱処理、金属の熱処理、金型の種類、HRC硬度、体積焼入れ、焼入れ焼戻し、真空炉加熱 热处理（热处理）、金属热处理、锻烧、保温、冷却、简单热处理、形变热处理、化学热处理。薄膜沸腾、泡沫沸腾、对流传热、烧结硬化热处理、真空热处理、体积热处理、金属、模具热处理、HRC硬度、体积淬火、回火硬度、真空状态炉内加热 열처리(열처리)","금속열처리","하소","보온","냉각","단순열처리","열기계처리","화학적열처리. 필름 비등","폼 비등","대류 열전달","응집 경화 열처리","진공 열처리","체적 열처리","금속","금형 열처리","HRC 경도","체적 담금질","경도 달성을 위해 템퍼링","진공 상태에서 노에서 가열"],"count_view":586,"seo_name":"benefits-of-heat-treating-metals","date_update":1724029930,"date_created_format":1724030161,"meta_title":"benefits-of-heat-treating-metals","meta_desc":"benefits-of-heat-treating-metals","meta_keyword":"benefits-of-heat-treating-metals","qr_code":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/benefits-of-heat-treating-metals"},{"id":656716,"name":"HEAT TREATMENT: WHAT IT IS AND HOW IT WORKS","desc":"HEAT TREATMENT: WHAT IT IS AND HOW IT WORKS<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","content":"HEAT TREATMENT: WHAT IT IS AND HOW IT WORKS<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.generalkinematics.com\/blog\/author\/volume9\/\" style=\"color:#467886; text-decoration:underline\">General Kinematics<\/a>,&nbsp;December 1, 2020<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nWhat is Heat Treatment?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nAlthough most people don&rsquo;t know what heat treatment is, it&rsquo;s actually an essential part of the manufacturing process. That&rsquo;s because heat treating allows a metal piece to be improved in order for the material to better withstand wear and tear. Heat treatment involves heating a metal or alloy to a specific temperature and then cooling it to harden the material.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nHeat treatment can be used at different stages in the manufacturing process to change certain properties of that metal or alloy. For example, you might use heat treatment to make it stronger, harder, more durable, or more ductile, depending on what the material needs in order to perform properly.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nSome notable industries in which heat treatment plays an important role include aircraft, automobiles, hardware&ndash;such as saws and axes, computers, spacecraft, military, and the oil and gas industry.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nHow Does Heat Treatment Work?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn order to achieve the desired effect, the metal or alloy is heated up to a specified temperature, sometimes as hot as 2400&deg;F, held at that temperature for a certain amount of time, and then cooled. While it&rsquo;s hot, the metal&rsquo;s physical structure, also called the microstructure, changes, ultimately resulting in its physical properties being changed. The length of time the metal is heated for is called the &lsquo;soak time.&rsquo; The length of soak time plays an important role in the characteristics of a metal, as metal soaked for a long amount of time will see different microstructure changes than metal soaked for a shorter period of time.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nThe cooling process after the soak time also plays a part in the result of the metal. Metal may be cooled quickly, which is called quenching, or slowly in the furnace to make sure it achieves the desired result. The combination of the soak temperature, soak time, cooling temperature, and cooling duration all play a role in creating the desired properties in a metal or alloy.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nWhen the metal is heat-treated during the manufacturing process also determines what properties are changed, and some metals may even be treated multiple times.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nKnowing what temperatures to heat and cool metals at, as well as how long each step of the process should take for a specific metal or alloy is extremely complicated. Because of that, material scientists known as metallurgists, study the effects of heat on metal and alloys and provide precise information on how to perform these processes correctly. Manufacturers rely on this information to ensure their metal pieces will have the correct properties at the end of the process.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nSome common forms of heat treatments include:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Hardening<\/b>: When a metal is hardened, it&rsquo;s heated to a point where the elements in the material transform into a solution. Defects in the structure are then transformed by creating a reliable solution and strengthening the metal. This increases the hardness of the metal or alloy, making it less malleable.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Annealing<\/b>: This process is used on metals like copper, aluminum, silver, steel, and brass. These materials are heated to a certain temperature, are held at that temperature until transformation occurs, and then are slowly air-dried.&nbsp; This process softens the metal, making it more workable and less likely to fracture or crack.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Tempering<\/b>: Some materials like iron-based alloys are very hard, making them brittle. Tempering can reduce brittleness and strengthen the metal. In the tempering process, the metal is heated to a temperature lower than the critical point to reduce brittleness and maintain hardness.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Case Hardening<\/b>: The outside of the material is hardened while the inside remains soft. Since hardening can cause materials to become brittle, case hardening is used for materials that require flexibility while maintaining a durable wear layer.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Normalization<\/b>: Similar to annealing, this process makes the steel more tough and ductile by heating the material to critical temperatures and keeping it at this temperature until transformation occurs.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nWhy is Heat Treatment Important?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nWithout heat treating metal, especially steel, metal parts for everything from airplanes to computers wouldn&rsquo;t function properly, or might not even exist in the first place.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.generalkinematics.com\/blog\/difference-ferrous-non-ferrous-metals\/\" style=\"color:#467886; text-decoration:underline\">Non-ferrous metal<\/b><\/a>&nbsp;parts in particular would be much weaker. Aluminum and titanium alloys, as well as bronze and brass, are all strengthened through heat treatment. Many of these metals are used in the production of cars, airplanes, and other products that rely on strong metals not only for performance but for safety as well.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nBecause heat-treated metals are often stronger than non-heat treated metals, treating metal pieces upfront prevents corrosion, which won&rsquo;t result in the replacement of expensive metal parts later on or as frequently. This causes machines to run more cheaply and efficiently and prevents problems.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nSolutions from General Kinematics<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nGeneral Kinematics provides optimal equipment in order to improve and boost productivity in the heat treatment process and other manufacturing processes. There are various steps when dealing with heat treating metals, General Kinematics provides&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.generalkinematics.com\/foundry-equipment\/\" style=\"color:#467886; text-decoration:underline\">foundry equipment<\/b><\/a>&nbsp;designed to aid in this process and to increase manufacturing productivity.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nConveyors&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nGeneral Kinematics&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.generalkinematics.com\/product\/spira-flow-vibrating-spiral-conveyors\/\" style=\"color:#467886; text-decoration:underline\">SPIRA-FLOW&trade; vibrating spiral elevator<\/a>&nbsp;is ideal for heat-related treatments that require a long conveying path, but it condenses it into a spiral shape in order to take up less space. The Spiral-Flow is a great fit for manufacturing plants that are tight on space or want to optimize their use of space.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nGeneral Kinematics offers a wide range of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.generalkinematics.com\/vibrating-conveyors\/\" style=\"color:#467886; text-decoration:underline\">additional conveyors<\/a>&nbsp;for a multitude of heat treatment needs. Whether you are looking to move your materials from point A to point B, heat, cool, or more GK has the equipment you need to improve your processing power.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nFeeders<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nFeeding material into the desired heat treatment process is ideally performed by industrial material feeders.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.generalkinematics.com\/vibrating-feeders\/\" style=\"color:#467886; text-decoration:underline\">General Kinematics Two-Mass Vibratory Feeders<\/a>&nbsp;are designed to withstand the harshest and most demanding applications. They are equipped to take on the most challenging material loads in order to keep your process moving smoothly. GK Feeders are engineered to order and are low maintenance, meaning less downtime and more productivity.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nGeneral Kinematics offers a variety of high-performing industrial equipment designed for various industries. See what else&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.generalkinematics.com\/\" style=\"color:#467886; text-decoration:underline\">General Kinematics<\/a>&nbsp;has to offer and how our industry-leading equipment can help your organization.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n","image_url":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/Anh%20ICS\/Heat%20treatment%20bv1.jpg","image_thumb_url":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/thumb_images\/Anh%20ICS\/Heat%20treatment%20bv1.jpg","tags":["HEAT TREATMENT: WHAT IT IS AND HOW IT WORKS"],"count_view":205,"seo_name":"heat-treatment-what-it-is-and-how-it-works","date_update":1723195326,"date_created_format":1723195326,"meta_title":"","meta_desc":"","meta_keyword":"","qr_code":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/heat-treatment-what-it-is-and-how-it-works"},{"id":656715,"name":"Xử lý nhiệt chân không là gì?","desc":"Xử l&yacute; nhiệt ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave; g&igrave;?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","content":"1. Xử l&yacute; nhiệt ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave; g&igrave;?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<v:shape filled=\"f\" id=\"Text_x0020_Box_x0020_15\" 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stroked=\"f\" strokeweight=\".5pt\" style=\"position:absolute; margin-left:129.6pt; margin-top:64.65pt; width:107.2pt; height:254.8pt; rotation:-90; z-index:251659264; v-text-anchor:top\" type=\"#_x0000_t202\"> <v:textbox style=\"layout-flow:vertical-ideographic\"> <\/v:textbox><\/v:shape><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<table style=\"border:undefined\" width=\"100%\">\n\t<tbody>\n\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t<td>\n\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\tICS VIETNAM<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\nXử l&yacute; nhiệt ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng (vacuum heat treatment<\/i>) l&agrave; một kỹ thuật xử l&yacute; nhiệt kim loại trong m&ocirc;i trường ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng. Kim loại được nung n&oacute;ng đến nhiệt độ cao trong m&ocirc;i trường ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng v&agrave; sau đ&oacute; l&agrave;m nguội nhanh ch&oacute;ng. Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh n&agrave;y gi&uacute;p cải thiện c&aacute;c t&iacute;nh chất cơ học v&agrave; h&oacute;a học của kim loại, chẳng hạn như: độ cứng, độ bền, độ dẻo v&agrave; khả năng chống ăn m&ograve;n.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240812145015-1.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\nXử l&yacute; nhiệt ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave; việc kết hợp m&ocirc;i trường &aacute;p suất ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng với qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh xử l&yacute; nhiệt<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n2. Nguy&ecirc;n l&yacute; của xử l&yacute; nhiệt ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nNhư ch&uacute;ng ta đ&atilde; biết, xử l&yacute; nhiệt (nhiệt luyện) l&agrave; t&aacute;c động nhiệt độ nhằm l&agrave;m thay đổi vi cấu tr&uacute;c chất rắn, c&oacute; thể l&agrave; thay đổi th&agrave;nh phần h&oacute;a học v&agrave; đặc t&iacute;nh của vật liệu. Xử l&yacute; nhiệt ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave; một kỹ thuật xử l&yacute; nhiệt kim loại trong m&ocirc;i trường &aacute;p suất ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nTrong m&ocirc;i trường ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng, kim loại được nung n&oacute;ng đến nhiệt độ cao v&agrave; sau đ&oacute; l&agrave;m nguội nhanh ch&oacute;ng.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nV&igrave; sao &ldquo;ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng&rdquo; được ứng dụng cho qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh n&agrave;y?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nM&ocirc;i trường ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng khiến kh&ocirc;ng kh&iacute; m&ocirc;i trường l&agrave;m việc thấp hoặc rất mỏng. Ph&ocirc;i được nung ở trạng th&aacute;i ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; thể tr&aacute;nh được qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh oxy h&oacute;a v&agrave; khử cacbon so với xử l&yacute; nhiệt th&ocirc;ng thường. Đồng thời, cũng tr&aacute;nh được hiện tượng hấp thụ hydro, độ biến dạng thấp, cải thiện cơ học to&agrave;n diện t&iacute;nh chất của c&aacute;c bộ phận vật liệu.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nM&ocirc;i trường &aacute;p suất thấp gi&uacute;p loại bỏ oxy v&agrave; c&aacute;c tạp chất kh&aacute;c ra khỏi kim loại, cải thiện t&iacute;nh chất cơ học v&agrave; h&oacute;a học của ch&uacute;ng. Khi gia nhiệt ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng, c&aacute;c hạt tr&ecirc;n bề mặt ph&ocirc;i kim loại sẽ bay hơi.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n3. Cấu tạo của l&ograve; xử l&yacute; nhiệt ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nL&ograve; xử l&yacute; nhiệt bằng &aacute;p suất ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng bao gồm c&aacute;c bộ phận ch&iacute;nh sau:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Buồng ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng\/l&ograve; ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng: l&agrave; buồng được thiết kế k&iacute;n để tạo ra m&ocirc;i trường &aacute;p suất ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng, loại bỏ oxy v&agrave; c&aacute;c tạp chất khỏi kim loại.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Hệ thống bơm h&uacute;t ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng: Hệ thống bơm ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng được sử dụng để tạo ra m&ocirc;i trường ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng trong buồng xử l&yacute;.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Hệ thống gia nhiệt: Hệ thống gia nhiệt được sử dụng để l&agrave;m n&oacute;ng, gia nhiệt, nung n&oacute;ng kim loại.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Hệ thống l&agrave;m nguội: được sử dụng để l&agrave;m nguội kim loại sau khi xử l&yacute; nhiệt.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\"><v:shape filled=\"f\" id=\"_x0000_s1027\" 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stroked=\"f\" strokeweight=\".5pt\" style=\"position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:144.6pt; margin-top:243pt; width:107.2pt; height:254.8pt; rotation:-90; z-index:251661312; v-text-anchor:top\" type=\"#_x0000_t202\"> <v:textbox style=\"layout-flow:vertical-ideographic\">\n\t<table style=\"border:undefined\" width=\"100%\">\n\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t<td>\n\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\tICS VIETNAM<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n\t<\/v:textbox> <\/v:shape><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240812145015-2.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nH&igrave;nh ảnh của một hệ thống xử l&yacute; nhiệt &aacute;p suất thấp<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n4. Quy tr&igrave;nh c&ocirc;ng nghệ<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nQu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh xử l&yacute; nhiệt bằng ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng diễn ra theo 3 giai đoạn: Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh h&uacute;t ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng &ndash; Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh nung n&oacute;ng v&agrave; Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh l&agrave;m nguội.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n4.1. H&uacute;t ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nĐể tạo ra được m&ocirc;i trường ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng trong xử l&yacute; nhiệt, người ta sử dụng l&ograve; ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng\/buồng ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng. Đ&acirc;y l&agrave; một loại l&ograve; d&ugrave;ng để nung vật liệu.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nHệ thống bơm ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng sử dụng để h&uacute;t loại bỏ kh&ocirc;ng kh&iacute; trong buồng h&uacute;t. Mức &aacute;p suất thấp hơn 10^-3 Pa, độ ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng c&agrave;ng thấp th&igrave; m&ocirc;i trường c&agrave;ng tinh khiết, gi&uacute;p bảo vệ bề mặt vật liệu tốt hơn.&nbsp;M&aacute;y bơm ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng v&ograve;ng dầu&nbsp;l&agrave; loại bơm thường được lựa chọn cho ứng dụng n&agrave;y.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240812145015-3.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\nHệt thống ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng tạo ra &aacute;p suất thấp cho buồng xử l&yacute; nhiệt<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n4.2. Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh nung n&oacute;ng<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nSau khi h&uacute;t ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng trong l&ograve; xong, nhiệt độ được đẩy l&ecirc;n cực cao (khoảng hơn 1000 độ, t&ugrave;y v&agrave;o loại kim loại cần nhiệt luyện). Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh nung n&oacute;ng, kim loại được nung n&oacute;ng đến nhiệt độ cao, thường l&agrave; tr&ecirc;n nhiệt độ tới hạn. Nhiệt độ n&agrave;y gi&uacute;p c&aacute;c ph&acirc;n tử kim loại di chuyển tự do hơn v&agrave; tạo điều kiện cho c&aacute;c phản ứng h&oacute;a học xảy ra. Sau đ&oacute;, kim loại sẽ trải qua c&aacute;c quy tr&igrave;nh t&ocirc;i, ram, h&agrave;n hay thi&ecirc;u kết tự động nếu c&oacute;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n4.3. Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh l&agrave;m nguội<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nSau khi nung n&oacute;ng, kim loại được l&agrave;m nguội nhanh ch&oacute;ng. Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh l&agrave;m nguội nhanh ch&oacute;ng gi&uacute;p c&aacute;c ph&acirc;n tử kim loại kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; thời gian để di chuyển trở lại vị tr&iacute; ban đầu, dẫn đến sự biến đổi cấu tr&uacute;c tinh thể của kim loại.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nTh&ocirc;ng thường, kh&iacute; Ni tơ được sử dụng để l&agrave;m lạnh cho kim loại.&nbsp;Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh l&agrave;m m&aacute;t nhanh ch&oacute;ng g&acirc;y ra sự ch&ecirc;nh lệch nhiệt. Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh n&agrave;y cũng c&oacute; thể g&acirc;y ra những thay đổi về cấu tr&uacute;c của kim loại.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n5. Sự thay đổi của kim loại sau xử l&yacute; nhiệt<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nQuy tr&igrave;nh xử l&yacute; nhiệt bằng ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng đem lại nhiều lợi &iacute;ch cho kim loại, bao gồm:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Tăng độ cứng: độ cứng của kim loại c&oacute; thể cải thiện đ&aacute;ng kể, độ cứng c&oacute; thể tăng l&ecirc;n đến 50%.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Cải thiện độ bền: Xử l&yacute; nhiệt bằng ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng gi&uacute;p kim loại c&oacute; độ bền tốt, khả năng chịu được lực t&aacute;c dụng lớn hơn.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Tăng độ dẻo: c&oacute; thể gi&uacute;p kim loại dễ uốn hơn.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Cải thiện khả năng chống ăn m&ograve;n: loại bỏ v&agrave; chống oxy h&oacute;a trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh xử l&yacute;, kim loại cải thiện được khả năng chống lại sự ăn m&ograve;n của m&ocirc;i trường.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Giảm biến dạng: nhiệt luyện bằng ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; thể gi&uacute;p giảm biến dạng của kim loại sau khi xử l&yacute;.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Tăng độ đồng đều: Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh xử l&yacute; nhiệt với &aacute;p suất thấp tạo ra sự đồng đều của c&aacute;c t&iacute;nh chất cơ học của kim loại.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Giảm thiểu sự &ocirc; nhiễm: Xử l&yacute; nhiệt bằng ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; thể gi&uacute;p giảm thiểu sự &ocirc; nhiễm của kim loại.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n&gt;&gt; Tham khảo:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/hctechco.com\/ung-dung\/kham-pha-cong-nghe-xi-ma-chan-khong-moi-nhat.html\" style=\"color:#467886; text-decoration:underline\" target=\"_blank\">C&ocirc;ng nghệ xi mạ ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng mới nhất hiện nay<\/a><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n6. Ưu nhược điểm của phương ph&aacute;p<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nC&ocirc;ng nghệ nhiệt luyện ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng đem đến nhiều ưu điểm nổi bật. B&ecirc;n cạnh đ&oacute;, c&ocirc;ng nghệ n&agrave;y cũng c&oacute; một v&agrave;i nhược điểm m&agrave; ch&uacute;ng ta cần lưu &yacute;.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n6.1. Ưu điểm<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nQuy tr&igrave;nh c&ocirc;ng nghệ xử l&yacute; nhiệt ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng đem đến nhiều ưu điểm cho qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh sản xuất của nh&agrave; m&aacute;y:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Chất lượng sản phẩm được cải thiện đồng đều: tăng độ bền, kh&ocirc;ng bị cong v&ecirc;nh, nứt vỡ sau khi nhiệt luyện, độ bền tốt<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Nhiệt luyện trong m&ocirc;i trường ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng gi&uacute;p cho qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh gia nhiệt kh&ocirc;ng bị oxy h&oacute;a. Đảm bảo được độ đồng đều về m&agrave;u sắc, t&iacute;nh thẩm mỹ<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Quy tr&igrave;nh xử l&yacute; nhiệt với &aacute;p suất ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng được lập tr&igrave;nh c&aacute;c quy tr&igrave;nh c&oacute; sẵn, tự động ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n. Tiết kiệm được nh&acirc;n c&ocirc;ng, chi ph&iacute; vận h&agrave;nh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\"><v:shape filled=\"f\" id=\"_x0000_s1026\" 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stroked=\"f\" strokeweight=\".5pt\" style=\"position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:138.9pt; margin-top:38.85pt; width:107.2pt; height:254.8pt; rotation:-90; z-index:251663360; v-text-anchor:top\" type=\"#_x0000_t202\"> <v:textbox style=\"layout-flow:vertical-ideographic\">\n\t<table style=\"border:undefined\" width=\"100%\">\n\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t<td>\n\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\tICS VIETNAM<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n\t<\/v:textbox> <w:wrap anchorx=\"margin\"> <\/w:wrap><\/v:shape>Thời gian ho&agrave;n vốn đầu tư ngắn. Nếu c&oacute; đơn h&agrave;ng đều, nh&agrave; m&aacute;y sớm ho&agrave;n được số vốn đầu tư ban đầu cho hệ thống<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">M&ocirc;i trường l&agrave;m việc tốt, vận h&agrave;nh an to&agrave;n, kh&ocirc;ng g&acirc;y &ocirc; nhiễm v&agrave; nguy hiểm cho cộng đồng.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<img src=\"\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/image-20240812145015-4.jpeg\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \/><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n\nXử l&yacute; nhiệt &aacute;p suất thấp gi&uacute;p chất lượng vật liệu xử l&yacute; đồng bộ, c&oacute; độ bền v&agrave; thẩm mỹ hơn<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n6.2. Nhược điểm<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Chi ph&iacute; đầu tư ban đầu cao; thiết bị v&agrave; kỹ thuật phức tạp hơn so với xử l&yacute; nhiệt th&ocirc;ng thường.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">C&ocirc;ng nghệ n&agrave;y c&ograve;n chưa phổ biến, do đ&oacute;, kh&aacute;ch h&agrave;ng cần t&igrave;m t&ograve;i v&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n cứu quy tr&igrave;nh xử l&yacute; nhiệt ph&ugrave; hợp nhất với vật liệu của m&igrave;nh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">C&ocirc;ng nghệ v&agrave; thiết bị n&agrave;y chưa thực sự phổ biến ở Việt Nam, do đ&oacute; kh&aacute; hiếm kỹ thuật c&oacute; thể bảo dưỡng v&agrave; sửa chữa được.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n7. Ứng dụng<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\nXử l&yacute; nhiệt bằng ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng được sử dụng trong nhiều ứng dụng, bao gồm:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Chế tạo dụng cụ cắt: Sử dụng trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh chế tạo c&aacute;c dụng cụ cắt, th&aacute;i nhằm để tăng độ cứng của dụng cụ, gi&uacute;p cắt vật liệu tốt hơn<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Chế tạo khu&ocirc;n mẫu: Xử l&yacute; nhiệt bằng ch&acirc;n kh&ocirc;ng được sử dụng để tăng độ bền v&agrave; độ dẻo của khu&ocirc;n mẫu, gi&uacute;p ch&uacute;ng chịu được lực t&aacute;c dụng lớn v&agrave; &iacute;t bị biến dạng hơn.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li style=\"margin:0in 0in 8pt\">Chế tạo chi tiết m&aacute;y: Ứng dụng trong quy tr&igrave;nh chế tạo c&aacute;c chi tiết m&aacute;y m&oacute;c c&ocirc;ng nghiệp. C&ocirc;ng nghệ được sử dụng để tăng độ cứng, độ bền v&agrave; độ dẻo của chi tiết m&aacute;y, gi&uacute;p ch&uacute;ng hoạt động tốt v&agrave; c&oacute; độ bền cao hơn.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n","image_url":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/images\/news\/anh%20ve%20lo%20chan%20khong.jpg","image_thumb_url":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/datafiles\/48066\/upload\/thumb_images\/news\/anh%20ve%20lo%20chan%20khong.jpg","tags":["cách đi dây điện nổi an toàn","dây điện","dây điện nổi"],"count_view":904,"seo_name":"cach-di-day-dien-noi-an-toan","date_update":1723195326,"date_created_format":1723195326,"meta_title":"","meta_desc":"","meta_keyword":"","qr_code":"https:\/\/ics-vn.com\/cach-di-day-dien-noi-an-toan"}]},"widget_12114234":{"content_data":{"content":"TỪ KHÓA TÌM KIẾM\n"}},"widget_12114242":{"content_data":{"content":"sản phẩm hot"}},"widget_12114251":{"content_data":{"content":"P.A Việt Nam tiên phong trong thị trường Internet & Web. 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